Asphalt pavement, a major type of road surface, may contain hazardous components (e.g., heavy metals, organic chemicals) depending on the sources of mineral aggregates and bitumen. The leaching of pollutants from asphalt pavement is a complex process. The application of asphalt modifications and the reuse of waste materials in asphalt pavement make this process more complicated. Our recent research mainly focuses on the leaching behaviors of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various types of asphalt paving materials, the leaching kinetics of specific metals (e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn) and their relationships with the asphalt mix design, the toxicological effects of the leachates to the aquatic animals, as well as the risk assessment on the leachates of asphalt pavement. In addition, we are also investigating the environmental impact of asphalt pavement under daily traffic, focusing on the analysis of micro-rubber generated from tire-road wear.